七 个 世 界 一 个 星 球
欧洲 Europe.
7亿多人口的家园 Home to more than 700 million people.
这片大陆的面貌已被人类文明完全改变 This is a continent that has been transformed by humanity.
这是一个充满喧嚣的世界 It is a crowded world.
但欧洲也有其另外一面 But not all of it.
许多珍贵的荒野依然保存完好 There are still precious areas of wilderness
那里生活着不少令人惊奇的野生动物 and, living within them, some very surprising animals.
欧 洲
解说：大卫·爱登堡
欧洲的森林覆盖率曾一度高达80% Forest once covered 80% of Europe.
昔日郁郁葱葱的森林如今只剩一半 Now only half of it remains.
一只棕熊出现了 A brown bear.
它是在芬兰森林中生活的区区1500头棕熊之一 One of only 1,500 that are left in Finland's forests.
它的幼崽们刚刚离开出生时的洞穴 Her cubs have recently emerged from their nursery den.
漫长的夏日意味着两只小棕熊有大把的时间玩耍 The long summer days means there's plenty of time for play.
棕熊妈妈要照看两只顽皮的小棕熊 With two boisterous cubs...
空闲时间它只想好好休息 ...it pays to rest, whenever you can.
但是棕熊妈妈必须时刻保持警惕 But their mother must be on her guard.
棕熊宝宝们发现了什么 The cubs have spotted something.
一头魁梧强壮的公熊走来 它正在寻找伴侣 A large male, looking for a mate.
两只幼熊不是它的后代 The cubs aren't his.
因此公熊很可能会杀死它们 So he might try to kill them.
棕熊宝宝一向善于攀爬 Bear cubs are excellent climbers.
现在它们爬到了15米高的地方 躲开了公熊 And now they're beyond his reach, 15 metres up.
棕熊妈妈发出警告 要求公熊保持距离 Their mother warns him to keep his distance.
但是幼熊们还是下来得太早 But the cubs are coming down too soon.
棕熊妈妈不能冒险 She can't take any chances.
真是死里逃生 That was a close call.
芬兰的森林让我们领略了欧洲当年的风貌 Finland's forests give us a glimpse of what Europe was once like.
一望无际的荒野 成群的大型动物四处漫游 A land of endless wilderness, where large animals roamed far and wide.
在北部 欧洲大陆延伸到了北极圈以内 In the north, the continent extends beyond the Arctic Circle.
在这里 一道奇特的光芒闪耀天际 Here, the skies are illuminated by the aurora borealis,
这就是北极光 the northern lights.
太阳风喷出的 Trillions of charged particles,
上万亿带电粒子 ejected by electric storms on the sun,
与地球大气层发生反应 react with the Earth's atmosphere
形成了这种世间难得一见的夜晚奇观 to create this surreal nocturnal spectacle.
但在白天 眼前的景象会变得一片荒芜 But by day, this is a barren land.
这里是挪威的多弗勒山脉 The Dovrefjell mountains of Norway.
有一种曾经遍布整个北欧的动物 One of the last refuges for an animal that once lived
把这里作为了最后的避难所 all across northern Europe.
麝牛 The musk ox.
这头雄性麝牛年富力强 This bull is in his prime.
它保护整个牛群 是所有牛犊的父亲 He protects the herd and fathers all the calves.
它在群体中的地位备受瞩目 His is a greatly sought-after rank...
这意味着到交配季节时 ...and that means that, in the mating season,
它将迎来各种挑战者 he has to deal with rivals.
比如这一头 And here is one.
它大力刨土 试图赶走步步紧逼的对手 Raking the ground is a warning to other males to keep away.
但有时 这种恐吓并不起作用 But some ignore it.
它现在别无选择 只能捍卫自己的王冠 He now has no choice but to defend his crown.
挑战一方发起猛攻 The challenger attacks.
每头雄性麝牛的体重约为半吨 Each male weighs nearly half a tonne.
这样的冲突通常短暂而激烈 These clashes are usually short and intense,
但这次是个例外 but not this time.
有家人观战 双方都不愿认输 As his family looks on, neither gives in.
麝牛首领必须充分利用它的经验 The bull will need to draw on all his experience.
但是它却节节败退 But he's beginning to lose ground.
它的肋部遭到了猛击 Now he's broadsided.
如果它被挑战者击败 就将失去自己的所有配偶 If he's defeated, he will lose all his females.
麝牛首领破釜沉舟 With one final effort,
将挑战者赶回了山上 the bull pushes the challenger back up the hill.
战斗结束了 It's over.
麝牛首领成功捍卫了自己一家之主的地位 The old bull successfully defended his rights as head of the family.
在接下来的一年里 挑战的一方不得不继续独自漂泊 And the challenger has to return to a lonely life for another year.
在欧洲大陆中部有一片保存至今的荒野 One of Europe's last remaining areas of wilderness lies at its heart.
横跨8个国家 绵延1200公里 A mountain range spanning 750 miles across eight countries.
它就是阿尔卑斯山脉 The Alps.
欧洲的山区环境恶劣 Europe's mountain ranges may be inhospitable,
但这里的野生动物数百年来一直与人类和平共处 but wildlife has shared this terrain with people for centuries.
意大利中部阿布鲁佐山区的村庄 进入了黄昏 It's dusk in the mountain villages of Abruzzo, in central Italy.
在附近的森林深处 And deep in the surrounding woods,
热成像摄像机让我们看到了欧洲大陆上一种神出鬼没的猎食者 thermal imaging cameras reveal the continent's most elusive predators.
狼群 Wolves.
它们就在村庄的边缘 Right on the edge of the village.
眼下是隆冬时节 食物匮乏 It's midwinter, and food is hard to come by.
这个狼群大约有一周时间没有进食了 This pack may not have fed for a week.
狼群为了寻找猎物 They can travel many miles in a night,
能够在夜里长途奔袭数公里 searching for prey.
马鹿 Red deer.
四周漆黑一片 It's pitch-black.
正是进行伏击的理想环境 Perfect conditions for an ambush.
但即使如此 But even so...
狼群也不可掉以轻心 ...the odds are stacked against the wolves.
一个不小心 One wrong footstep,
它们就会打草惊蛇 and they have lost the advantage of surprise.
马鹿在山腰狂奔 很快四散开来 The deer scatter right across the mountainside.
更糟糕的是 And to make matters worse,
这次狩猎行动被迫中止 the hunt is interrupted.
现在马鹿回到了高高的山上 The deer are now high up the mountain.
狼群在行车道上不声不响地快速前进 But the wolves use the road to travel faster and in silence.
它们成功地截住了鹿群的去路 They manage to get above the herd.
现在 狼群开始行动 Now they make their move.
狼群必须瓦解鹿群 隔离出一个目标 The pack needs to single out one animal.
狼在茂密的林地中更为敏捷 A wolf is more nimble in thick woodland,
而马鹿在空旷的地面上速度更快 but a deer can run faster on open ground.
双方逐渐靠近 狼群将鹿群 Once they're close, the pack drive the deer
驱赶下山 straight down the mountain.
马鹿跌跌撞撞地逃命 And now it's more likely to stumble.
在这种情况下 结冰的小路往往会带来致命后果 In this case, the icy road proves fatal.
然而这场骚动引来了附近村庄的牧羊犬 But the commotion has attracted sheepdogs from the nearby village.
当地人饲养这些牧羊犬 就是为了驱赶狼群 保护牲畜 They have been bred to protect livestock by chasing away wolves.
牧羊犬抢走了狼群到手的美餐 With the kill lost to the sheepdogs,
狼群这个晚上 the wolves will go hungry
又要饿肚子了 for yet another night.
如今 欧洲许多野生动物不得不邻近人类居住 Today, much of Europe's wildlife has to live alongside people.
一些适应力极强的物种甚至出没于人类居住的城市与乡镇中 The most adaptable can be found in our towns and cities.
直布罗陀 位于欧洲大陆的南端 Gibraltar, right on the southern tip of the continent.
是欧洲唯一一种猴类的家园 Home to Europe's only monkeys.
无尾猕猴 Barbary macaques.
这里生活着4个无尾猕猴家族 Four family troops live here.
在猕猴社会中 In macaque society,
存在严格的等级制度 there is a strict hierarchy,
它们的地位世代相传 and status within it is inherited.
这只雌性猕猴刚生下它的第一个孩子 This female has just given birth to her first baby.
妈妈处于最低等级 She is at the bottom of the pecking order.
所以它的儿子也一样 So her son is, too.
它们经常受到欺凌 They're bullied constantly...
被迫生活在猴群的边缘 ...and forced to live on the fringes of the troop.
由于无人问津 它们只能彼此相依为命 As outcasts, their only comfort is each other.
猕猴宝宝 He's been snatched,
被一只地位更高的雌性猕猴绑架了 stolen by a higher-ranking female.
这只“绑匪”没有孩子 想要一个属于自己的宝宝 She is childless, and she wants a baby of her own.
猕猴妈妈距离孩子只有几米远 He's only a few metres away...
但如果它冒然靠近 ...but if his mother approaches,
很可能遭致其它成员的集体攻击 the rest of the troop could well attack her.
“绑匪”没有任何做母亲的经验 The kidnapper has never raised a baby before,
猕猴宝宝身处险境 so this one is in danger.
它们正向缆车高塔走去 They're headed towards a cable car tower.
猕猴妈妈不愿让它们离开自己的视线 The young mother can't let them out of her sight.
它们现在距离地面30米高了 They're 30 metres up.
如果猕猴妈妈冒险抢夺自己的孩子 If she tries to grab her baby and fails,
它的孩子很可能会摔死 he could fall to his death.
“绑匪”不愿认输 The kidnapper refuses to surrender him.
猕猴妈妈只能使出杀手锏 There's one last thing a mother can try,
为此 and to do it
它需要另一只猕猴的帮助 she needs to recruit another macaque.
现在猕猴妈妈开始在“绑匪”面前 Now the mother begins to groom her companion
为同伴梳毛 in full view of the kidnapper.
所有猕猴都乐意被同伴梳毛 All monkeys love to be groomed,
即使对方是地位低下的雌性也无所谓 even by a low-ranking female.
这种活动是猕猴社会和平相处的基础 It's the basis for peace in macaque society.
最终“绑匪”也禁不住诱惑 加入其中 Eventually, the urge to join in is just too strong.
绑架事件和平解决 The kidnap is over.
猕猴宝宝可以回到妈妈的怀抱中了 And the youngster can climb back into his mother's arms.
即使在城市的钢筋丛林中 我们也能发现小片的荒野 There are pockets of wilderness even in Europe's cities.
这是城市无尽扩张之下宝贵的绿洲 Green oases among the urban sprawl.
奥地利城市维也纳有2000多个公园 花园和墓地 Vienna, in Austria, has over 2,000 parks, gardens and cemeteries.
在这些灌木丛中 生活着一种奇特的小动物 And down in the undergrowth, a rather unusual resident.
这是原仓鼠 A European hamster.
野生的原仓鼠广泛分布在欧洲中部的草原上 Wild hamsters are found in grasslands throughout central Europe.
现在它们在城里 也能生活得有滋有味 Here, in the city, they're doing extremely well.
这只雄性背负着寻找食物的艰巨任务 This male is on a mission to find food,
一抹特殊的色彩吸引了它的目光 and he's set his sights on one thing in particular.
鲜花 Fresh flowers.
为了过冬 原仓鼠必须尽快积累脂肪 To survive the winter, hamsters must fatten up.
时间不容错过 So there's no time to waste.
唯一的问题是 这些鲜花在别家的地盘上 The only problem - these flowers are in someone else's patch.
墓地里的花束值得它们大战一场 Graveside bouquets are worth fighting for.
赢家将占据整片领土 以及这里的所有食物 The winner gets to keep the territory and all the food within it.
失败一方只有狼狈逃窜 The loser has to beat a hasty retreat.
但是新鲜花瓣的诱惑力实在太强了 But the lure of fresh petals is just too much.
启动备用方案 Plan B.
暗中行动 Stealth mode.
周围看上去风平浪静 The coast looks clear.
但最好不要冒险 But best not take any chances.
诀窍是在被逮到之前全身而退 The trick is to get in and out before you're caught.
现在 是甜点时间 And now...dessert.
烛瓶里面满是蜡油 热量很高 Candle wax - it's full of oil and high in calories.
仓鼠的颊囊内可以装下相当于体重四分之一的食物 A hamster's cheeks can hold a quarter of its body weight.
再来一口吧 Just one more mouthful.
哦 这下惨了 Oh, dear.
胖胖的脸颊卡在狭窄的瓶口了 Big cheeks and narrow bottlenecks -
真是尴尬啊 how very embarrassing.
任务完成 Mission accomplished.
尽管欧洲的景观发生了巨大的变化 Europe's landscape has changed dramatically,
但较为稳定的温带气候仍旧孕育了大量的野生动物 but its temperate climate is still good for wildlife.
这片大陆夏季温暖 The continent has warm summers...
冬季温和 ...and mild winters.
这种气候得益于欧洲得天独厚的地理位置 These conditions are a consequence of its position on the globe...
以及墨西哥湾暖流 ...and the influence of the Gulf Stream.
流经大西洋的暖流使沿途空气温度上升 This current of warm water in the Atlantic Ocean heats the air
这股温暖的空气随即涌向大陆 that then flows over the land.
年复一年 欧洲独特的气候 And every year, Europe's unique climate
为一种非同寻常的自然奇观的形成创造了条件 helps trigger an extraordinary natural event.
这里是匈牙利的蒂萨河 The Tisza River, in Hungary.
每年六月 For a few days in June,
当日照时间和河水温度恰到好处时 when day length and water temperature are just right...
一大群蜉蝣便出现 ...the largest of all mayflies emerge.
三年来 这群蜉蝣在河床上觅食 不断成长 After three years of feeding and growing on the riverbed,
如今 雄性首先开始活动 the males appear first.
借助新翅膀 它们可以飞到河岸 With new wings, they can fly to the river bank
进行最后一次蜕皮 and there undergo a final moult.
现在这群雄性蜉蝣已经发育成熟 Now sexually mature,
它们的生命只有一个目的 they have just one purpose in life -
寻找异性 to find a female.
每只雄性蜉蝣的寿命只有三小时 Each male has only three hours to live.
现在雌性也浮出河面 And now the females begin to emerge on the surface of the river.
雄性在水面上来回盘旋 寻找自己的配偶 The males scour the water surface, searching for them...
雄性蜉蝣争先恐后地让雌性受精 ...each desperate to be the one that fertilises her eggs.
每只雌性出现后 都会遭遇一番猛烈的追求 Every female is pounced on as soon as she appears.
每只雄性只剩下几分钟的生存时间 With only minutes left for each male to live,
竞争变得越来越激烈 the competition becomes increasingly urgent.
转眼之间 雄性的生命便走到尽头 And all too soon, the males' time is up.
雄性全部一命呜呼 All of them die.
但是雌性蜉蝣的旅程才刚刚开始 But the females' journey has only just begun.
现在它们已经完成交配 Now that they've mated,
开始飞向上游 they start to fly upstream
这段旅程长达5公里 and continue for as much as three miles.
在集中产卵的时间里 At the height of the hatch,
大约会有1000万只蜉蝣飞舞在水面上 there may be as many as ten million insects on the wing.
精疲力尽 Exhausted,
雌性纷纷坠落到水面上 the females now collapse and rain down onto the water's surface.
在撞击水面的一刹那 它们将释放出数千枚卵 And as they hit it, each releases thousands of eggs.
卵逐渐沉入水中 As the eggs slowly sink,
漂向下游 they drift downstream,
因此 每个受精卵抵达河床时 so that by the time each reaches the riverbed,
将回到父母出现的地点 it will be in exactly the same spot that its parents emerged.
蜉蝣首次出现后仅仅几个小时 Just hours after the first mayflies appeared,
这场生命的大爆发就结束了 this great eruption of life is over.
欧洲纵横交错的水道是野生动植物的避风港 Europe's extensive waterways are a haven for wildlife.
在罗马尼亚境内的黑海海边 One of the richest of its wetlands
就有一片生意盎然的湿地 lies on the edge of the Black Sea, in Romania.
多瑙河三角洲 The delta of the Danube River.
鸟儿们从遥远的非洲中部和亚洲 Migrating birds are drawn here from as far away as central Africa
一路来到这里 and Asia.
这是白鹈鹕 Great white pelicans.
每年夏天 全球四分之三的白鹈鹕种群 Every summer, three quarters of the world's population
会飞抵多瑙河三角洲 flock to the delta.
它们长途跋涉数千公里 They've flown thousands of miles to get here,
在这片富饶的地方度过整个夏天 and they will spend the summer feasting on the delta's riches.
为了找到最理想的捕鱼地点 To find the best fishing,
它们纷纷腾空而起 they take to the air.
白鹈鹕在1000米高的空中 From half a mile up,
搜索方圆300多公里的 they search the entire delta,
整片三角洲 200 miles across.
它们从这个高度看不到水中的鱼儿 They can't see individual fish from this height,
只能关注下方的其它鸟类 看看它们是否得手 so instead they look for others below that have already done so.
这是鸬鹚 Cormorants.
鸬鹚一头扎向水中 寻找着规模最大的鱼群 They are diving deep to reach the biggest shoals,
并把它们赶至水面 flushing them to the surface.
几只白鹈鹕从天而降 A couple of pelicans land...
其它白鹈鹕蜂拥而至 ...and others soon home in on them.
白鹈鹕不直接参加这场捕鱼盛宴 The pelicans don't join the feast directly.
它们只是打劫赴宴者 They mug the diners.
比起单纯捕鱼 这种蛮横的战术能够确保白鹈鹕们 This brutal tactic enables each pelican to catch many more fish,
快速获得更多的鱼 more quickly than it would do if it worked by itself.
当鱼群一哄而散 Once the shoals of fish have been plundered and dispersed,
鸬鹚们便会离场 the cormorants make their escape.
这群盗贼一般的白鹈鹕也重新起飞 寻找下一顿美餐 And the pelican pirates fly off in search of their next meal.
水以另一种方式塑造了欧州的景观 Water has shaped Europe's landscape in another way.
欧洲大陆的山脉之间隐藏着另一种野生动物的家园 There is a vast wilderness lying within the rocks of the continent.
那就是洞穴 Caves.
仅在斯洛文尼亚的喀斯特地区 人们就发现了12000多处洞穴 Over 12,000 have been discovered in Slovenia's Karst region alone.
在数百万年的时间里 每一处洞穴在滴水的侵蚀下 Each has been eroded by water over millions of years...
形状逐渐发生了变化 ...and shaped drip...by drip.
最大的洞穴长25公里 The largest cavern is over 15 miles long,
此外 尚侍发现的洞穴还有不少 and there are certainly many more still to be discovered.
这里生活着一些极其特别的动物 Down here live some of the most specialised animals on the planet.
每年 人们都会在欧洲的洞穴中发现许多新物种 New species of them are discovered in Europe's caves every year.
这是一个仍然保守着许多秘密的世界 This is a world that still holds many secrets.
在一些深不见底的水潭中 In the deepest pools
隐藏着一种曾被人们当成“小龙”的动物 lurk animals that were once believed to be baby dragons.
它们有羽毛状的鳞片 无论在水下 还是在地面 They have feathery gills which enable them to breathe underwater,
都能够呼吸 as well as on land.
这就是洞螈 They are olms.
它们完全没有视力 They're completely blind,
只能依靠嘴巴周围的凹痕感知外界 but sensory pits around the mouth enable them to detect
检测猎物发出的微弱电流 the faint electrical currents emitted by their prey.
在这里很难找到任何食物 Food of any kind down here is hard to come by.
但是洞螈可以坚持十年不进食 But an olm can go without a meal for a decade...
寿命长达一个世纪 ...and live for a century.
几千年来 洞螈的世界几乎毫无改变 The olms' world has remained virtually unchanged for millennia.
然而在地面上 欧洲经历了天翻地覆的变化 Above, however, Europe has altered beyond recognition.
人类很大程度地改变了欧洲的自然景观 Its landscape has been transformed by humans.
现在欧洲受保护的荒野占总面积的比例低于4％ Protected wilderness now covers less than 4% of its surface.
荒野的消失给野生动物造成了 The disappearance of wilderness has had catastrophic consequences
灾难性的后果 for wildlife.
现在 欧洲五分之一的动物正面临灭绝危险 One fifth of Europe's animals are now under threat.
一些物种正徘徊于灭绝的边缘 Some teeter right on the brink of extinction.
伊比利亚猞猁 The Iberian lynx.
这是一种极度濒危的猫科动物 One of the world's most endangered cats.
在不到20年的时间里 In less than two decades,
伊比利亚猞猁的数量减少了近90% the lynx population decreased by nearly 90%.
甚至 At one point,
一度少于100只 there were fewer than 100 individuals.
今天 西班牙南部的 Today, their last stronghold
安杜哈尔山脉成为了它们最后的庇护所 is in the mountains of the Sierra de Andujar, in southern Spain.
为了保护伊比利亚猞猁 当地创建了一个自然公园 Here, a natural park was created to help protect the lynx.
公园的面积不大 只有方圆40公里 Only 25 miles across, it is small.
但足够这只雄性猞猁尽情驰骋 But for this male, it's just enough.
它一生都生活在这里 He's lived here all his life.
它现在10岁 这对野生猞猁来说已经很长寿 At ten years old, he's reached a remarkable age for a wild lynx.
曾经遭受迫害的它们 如今得到了妥善的保护 Once persecuted, he's now protected.
对于这只老年雄性 乃至整个欧洲的猞猁 For this old male, and Europe's entire lynx population,
一个崭新的篇章即将展开 this could be the beginning of a new chapter.
仅在今年 In this year alone,
就有近200只猞猁幼崽出生 nearly 200 kittens have been born,
猞猁的总数量增加到了700多只 and the population has risen to over 700.
但是伊比利亚猞猁 But the fate of the Iberian lynx,
以及所有生活在欧洲的野生动物 and indeed of all Europe's wildlife,
依然前途未卜 is far from certain.
人类活动对欧洲大陆造成了重大的影响 The continent has now been so changed by humanity
许多动物的生存因此受到威胁 that many of its animal species are under threat.
只有保护好为数不多的荒郊野地 Only by protecting the few wildernesses that remain
不断创造新的野外空间 and creating new wild spaces
才能确保欧洲珍贵的野生动物拥有一个美好的明天 can we ensure a future for Europe's precious wildlife.
下集预告 Next time...
一个不断变换的大地 ...a land of constant change...
在那里 有开创性的动物们会争取每一个机会 ...where pioneering animals make the most of every opportunity.
北美洲 North America.